Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a serious infection of the gums that can lead to tooth loss, bone damage, and systemic health issues if left untreated. It develops due to the buildup of plaque and bacteria, which cause inflammation, gum recession, and, in severe cases, destruction of the bone supporting the teeth.

Early stages of gum disease (gingivitis) can often be reversed with proper oral hygiene and professional cleanings, while advanced cases (periodontitis) may require specialized treatments like scaling and root planing, medications, or even surgery.